BIOL 112 BIOL112 Exam 3 Review – Texas A&M

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BIOL 112 BIOL112 Exam 3 Review – Texas A&M

Chapter 31- Fungi
Exoenzymes – hydrolytic enzyme secreted by fungus outside of body to digest food
Hyphae – filaments composed of tubular cell walls
Chitin – contained in fungal cell walls (strong but flexible nitrogen polysaccharide)
Mycelium – densely branched network of hyphae, surrounds and infiltrates the material on which fungus feeds; maximizes surface area for nutrient absorption; fungus uses energy to grow rapidly by adding hyphal length; usually subterranean
Septa – cross-walls that divide hyphae into cells; have pores for ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei to flow from cell to cell
Coenocytic – non-septate hyphae; multinucleated cytoplasmic mass (from division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division)
Haustoria – specialized hyphae that can penetrate host tissue in parasitic fungi
Sexual Reproduction –

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BIOL 112 BIOL112 Exam 3 Review – Texas A&M

Chapter 31- Fungi
Exoenzymes – hydrolytic enzyme secreted by fungus outside of body to digest food
Hyphae – filaments composed of tubular cell walls
Chitin – contained in fungal cell walls (strong but flexible nitrogen polysaccharide)
Mycelium – densely branched network of hyphae, surrounds and infiltrates the material on which fungus feeds; maximizes surface area for nutrient absorption; fungus uses energy to grow rapidly by adding hyphal length; usually subterranean
Septa – cross-walls that divide hyphae into cells; have pores for ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei to flow from cell to cell
Coenocytic – non-septate hyphae; multinucleated cytoplasmic mass (from division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division)
Haustoria – specialized hyphae that can penetrate host tissue in parasitic fungi
Sexual Reproduction – plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis
oPlasmogamy – fusion of cytoplasm of two parent mycelia (part of syngamy)
oHeterokaryon – different nuclei from each parent coexist (after plasmogamy, before karyogamy); can be mosaic or mingle
oDikaryotic – two haploid nuclei per cell (one from each parent)
oKaryogamy – haploid nuclei from parents fuse, producing diploid cells (only diploid stage of fungus)
Chytridiomycotes (chytrids) – flagellated zoospores, coenocytic hyphae
Zygomycota (zygote fungi) – responsible for bread and produce mold; diploid zygosporangium resistant to freezing and drying, germinate when conditions improve
Glomeromycota – form arbuscular mycorrhizae w/ plants (endomycorrhizae); treelike arbuscule; only reproduce asexually by blastospores
Ascomycota (sac fungi) – largest group, all yeasts and mildewsoAscospores – sexual spores
oAsci – produce 8 ascospores
oAscocarp – fruiting body; contain asci
oConidia – asexual spores
oConidiophores – conidia are produced externally at the tips of these hyphae
Basidiomycota (club fungi) – important wood decomposers
oBasidium – dikaryotic, line basidiocarp gills, release basidiospores
oBasidiospores – sexual spores
oBasidiocarp – fruiting body (mushroom)
Deuteromycetes – “imperfect fungi”; no known sexual stage; mold
Lichens – symbiotic; hyphae + green aglae/cyanobacteria; algae provide carbon/fix nitrogen, fungi provide suitable environment
oSoredia – for asexual reproduction
Mycosis – fungal infection (when fungi parasitizes animal)
Mycorrhizae – mutually beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots; fungi deliver phosphate ions and other minerals to plants, which supplies fungi with organic nutrients
oEctomycorrhizal – form hyphae over root surface and in extracellular spaces
oEndomycorrhizal – hyphae through root cell wall
Absorptive mode of nutrition – secrete exoenzymes into surroundings which break down complex molecules into organic compounds that fungi can absorb
oSaprobes – break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic matter

BIOL 112 BIOL112 Exam 3 Review – Texas A&M

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BIOL 112 – Spring 2013 Register Now BIOL Lab 2 and 3 Questions Only.docx Textbook Exercises Campbell Biology image Campbell Biology Ch 1, Section 1.1 The Study of life reveals unifying themes., Exercise F1.4

Eukaryotes are larger and more complex than prokaryotes.Campbell Biology Ch 2, Section 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compunds, Exercise 1Table salt (NaCl) is a compound made of the elements sodium and chlorine.Campbell Biology Ch 3, Section 3.1

Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding, Exercise F3.2Oxygen has greater electronegativity than hydrogen and it tends to pull shared electrons in a water…Campbell Biology Ch 4, Section 4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compunds, Exercise F4.2

An increase in the concentration of reactants affects the concentration of products.Campbell Biology Ch 5, Section 5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers, Exercise 1The main classes of biological molecules perform crucial biological functions ranging from fuel to…Campbell Biology Ch 6, Section 6.1

Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells, Exercise F6.3With a change in the cutting plane, different internal regions will be exposed.Campbell Biology Ch 7, Section 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins, Exercise F7.2

BIOL 112 BIOL112 Exam 3 Review – Texas A&M

The region that contains the phosphate group (in glycerol) is in contact with water.Campbell Biology Ch 8, Section 8.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics, Exercise 1Passive transport mechanisms are thermodynamically favorable.Campbell Biology Ch 9, Section 9.1

Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels, Exercise F9.4The electrons present in the nicotinamide molecule determine the oxidized and reduced forms.Campbell Biology BIO LAB AND LECTURE Tests Questions & Answers Showing 1 to 8 of 12 View all Please refer to the attachment to answer this question.

This question was created from Deuterostomes_protocolanddatasheet_QV (1).docx. 1 2 3 4 5 Please refer to the attachment to answer this question. This question was created from Deuterostomes_protocolanddatasheet_QV (1).docx. 1 2 3 4 5

Which of the following is NOT a major difference between "Bryophytes" and ALL other land plant phyla? absence vs. presence of xylem and phloem 1 2 3 4 5 An individual fern sporophyte is able to produce far more spores than an individual moss sporophyte because, unlike the moss, the fern sporophyte has 1 2 3 4 5

BIOL 112 BIOL112 Exam 3 Review – Texas A&M

Which of the following is NOT evidence supporting the hypothesis of the endosymbiotic evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts? photosynthetic eukaryotes 1 2 3 4 5 Mutations that cause changes in development are thought to be important in the appearance of "evolutionary novelty" because ontogeny recapitulates 1 2 3 4 5

Which of the following is NOT considered to be an important correlate of the oxygen revolution? the accumulation of ozone screened out harmful ultraviolet 1 2 3 4 5 Most modern reptiles are grouped in the Order Squamata. The ancestors of these reptiles originated in the Mesozoic and gave rise to numerous and varied species 1 2 3 4 5

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